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<rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" category="std" number="8825"
     docName="draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview-19" ipr="trust200902"> ipr="trust200902" obsoletes=""
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  <front>
    <title abbrev="WebRTC Overview">Overview: Real Time Real-Time Protocols for
    Browser-based
    Browser-Based Applications</title>
    <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8825"/>
    <author fullname="Harald T. Alvestrand" initials="H. T. " initials="H." surname="Alvestrand">
      <organization>Google</organization>
      <address>
        <postal>
          <street>Kungsbron 2</street>
          <city>Stockholm</city>
          <region/>
          <code>11122</code>
          <country>Sweden</country>
        </postal>
        <email>harald@alvestrand.no</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <date day="12" month="November" year="2017"/> month="July" year="2020"/>

    <abstract>
      <t>This document gives an overview and context of a protocol suite
      intended for use with real-time applications that can be deployed in
      browsers - "real time -- "real-time communication on the Web".</t>
      <t>It intends to serve as a starting and coordination point to make sure
      that (1) all the parts that are needed to achieve this goal are findable, findable
      and
      that (2) the parts that belong in the Internet protocol suite are fully
      specified and on the right publication track.</t>
      <t>This document is an Applicability Statement - applicability statement -- it does not itself
      specify any protocol, but it specifies which other specifications WebRTC
      compliant
      implementations are supposed to follow.</t>

      <t>This document is a work item of the RTCWEB working group.</t> follow to be compliant with Web
      Real-Time Communication (WebRTC).</t>

    </abstract>
  </front>
  <middle>
    <section title="Introduction"> anchor="intro" numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Introduction</name>
      <t>The Internet was, from very early in its lifetime, considered a
      possible vehicle for the deployment of real-time, interactive
      applications - -- with the most easily imaginable being audio conversations
      (aka "Internet telephony") and video conferencing.</t>
      <t>The first attempts to build this such applications were dependent on special networks,
      special hardware hardware, and custom-built software, often at very high prices or
      at
      of low quality, placing great demands on the infrastructure.</t> infrastructure.
</t>
      <t>As the available bandwidth has increased, and as processors and other
      hardware has have become ever faster, the barriers to participation have
      decreased, and it has become possible to deliver a satisfactory
      experience on commonly available computing hardware.</t>
      <t>Still, there are a number of barriers to the ability to communicate
      universally - -- one of these is that there is, as of yet, no single set of
      communication protocols that all agree should be made available for
      communication; another is the sheer lack of universal identification
      systems (such as is served by telephone numbers or email addresses in
      other communications systems).</t>
      <t>Development of The "The Universal Solution Solution" has, however, proved hard.</t>
      <t>The last few years have also seen a new platform rise for deployment
      of services: The the browser-embedded application, or "Web "web application". It
      turns out that as long as the browser platform has the necessary
      interfaces, it is possible to deliver almost any kind of service on
      it.</t>
      on&nbsp;it.</t>
      <t>Traditionally, these interfaces have been delivered by plugins, which
      had to be downloaded and installed separately from the browser; in the
      development of HTML5, HTML5 <xref target="HTML5"/>, application developers see much promise in the
      possibility of making those interfaces available in a standardized way
      within the browser.</t>
      <t>This memo describes a set of building blocks that (1) can be made
      accessible and controllable through a Javascript JavaScript API in a browser, browser and
      which
      (2) together form a sufficient set of functions to allow the use of
      interactive audio and video in applications that communicate directly
      between browsers across the Internet. The resulting protocol suite is
      intended to enable all the applications that are described as required
      scenarios in the use cases WebRTC "use cases" document <xref target="RFC7478"/>.</t> target="RFC7478" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>Other efforts, efforts -- for instance instance, the W3C Web Real-Time Communications,
      Web Applications Security, and Device Devices and Sensor working groups, Sensors Working Groups -- focus
      on making standardized APIs and interfaces available, within or
      alongside the HTML5 effort, for those functions.  This memo concentrates
      on specifying the protocols and subprotocols that are needed to specify
      the interactions over the network.</t>
      <t>Operators should note that deployment of WebRTC will result in a
      change in the nature of signaling for real time real-time media on the network, network
      and may result in a shift in the kinds of devices used to create and
      consume such media. In the case of signaling, WebRTC session setup
      will typically occur over TLS-secured web technologies using
      application-specific protocols.  Operational techniques that involve
      inserting network elements to interpret SDP the Session Description Protocol
      (SDP) -- either through either (1)&nbsp;the endpoint
      cooperation asking the network for a SIP server <xref target="RFC3361"/> target="RFC3361" format="default"/> or through the (2)&nbsp;the transparent
      insertion of SIP Application Level Layer Gateways (ALGs) -- will not work
      with such signaling. In the case of networks using cooperative
      endpoints, the approaches defined in <xref target="RFC8155"/> target="RFC8155" format="default"/> may serve
      as a suitable replacement for <xref target="RFC3361"/>. target="RFC3361" format="default"/>. The increase in
      browser-based communications may also lead to a shift away from
      dedicated real-time-communications hardware, such as SIP
      desk phones. This will diminish the efficacy of operational
      techniques that place dedicated real-time devices on their own
      network segment, address range, or VLAN for purposes such as
      applying traffic filtering and QoS. Applying the markings
      described in <xref target="I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos"/> target="RFC8837" format="default"/> may be
      appropriate replacements for such techniques.</t>

      <t>While this document formally relies on <xref target="RFC8445"/>,
at the time of its publication, the majority of WebRTC implementations
support the version of Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)
that is described in <xref target="RFC5245"/> and use a
pre-standard version of the Trickle ICE mechanism described in
<xref target="RFC8838"/>. The "ice2" attribute defined in <xref
target="RFC8445"/> can be used to detect the version in use by a
remote endpoint and to provide a smooth transition from the older
specification to the newer one.</t>

      <t>This memo uses the term "WebRTC" (note the case used) to refer to the
      overall effort consisting of both IETF and W3C efforts.</t>
    </section>
    <section title="Principles numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Principles and Terminology"> Terminology</name>
      <t/>
      <section title="Goals numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Goals of this document"> This Document</name>
        <t>The goal of the WebRTC protocol specification is to specify a set
        of protocols that, if all are implemented, will allow an
        implementation to communicate with another implementation using audio,
        video
        video, and data sent along the most direct possible path between the
        participants.</t>
        <t>This document is intended to serve as the roadmap to the WebRTC
        specifications. It defines terms used by other parts of the WebRTC
        protocol specifications, lists references to other specifications that
        don't need further elaboration in the WebRTC context, and gives
        pointers to other documents that form part of the WebRTC suite.</t>
        <t>By reading this document and the documents it refers to, it should
        be possible to have all information needed to implement a WebRTC
        compatible
        WebRTC-compatible implementation.</t>
      </section>
      <section title="Relationship numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Relationship between API and protocol"> Protocol</name>
        <t>The total WebRTC effort consists of two major parts, each
        consisting of multiple documents:</t>

        <t><list style="symbols">
            <t>A
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>A protocol specification, done in the IETF</t>

            <t>A Javascript IETF</li>
          <li>A JavaScript API specification, defined in a series of W3C
            documents <xref target="W3C.WD-webrtc-20120209"/><xref
            target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams-20120628"/></t>
          </list>Together, target="W3C.WD-webrtc" format="default"/>
          <xref target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams" format="default"/></li>
        </ul>
        <t>Together, these two specifications aim to provide an
        environment where Javascript JavaScript embedded in any page, when suitably
        authorized by its user, is able to set up communication using audio,
        video
        video, and auxiliary data, as long as the browser supports this
        specification. these
        specifications. The browser environment does not constrain the types of
        application in which this functionality can be used.</t>
        <t>The protocol specification does not assume that all implementations
        implement this API; it is not intended to be necessary for
        interoperation to know whether the entity one is communicating with is
        a browser or another device implementing this the protocol specification.</t>
        <t>The goal of cooperation between the protocol specification and the
        API specification is that for all options and features of the protocol
        specification, it should be clear which API calls to make to exercise
        that option or feature; similarly, for any sequence of API calls, it
        should be clear which protocol options and features will be invoked.
        Both are subject to constraints of the implementation, of course.</t>
        <t>The following terms are used across the documents specifying the
        WebRTC suite, in with the specific meanings given here. Not all terms are
        used in this document. Other terms are used in per their commonly used
        meaning.</t>

        <t><list style="hanging">
            <t hangText="Agent:">Undefined
        meanings.</t>
        <dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
          <dt>Agent:</dt>
          <dd>Undefined term. See "SDP Agent" and "ICE
            Agent".</t>

            <t hangText="Application
            Agent".</dd>
          <dt>Application Programming Interface (API):">A (API):</dt>
          <dd>A
            specification of a set of calls and events, usually tied to a
            programming language or an abstract formal specification such as
            WebIDL, with its defined semantics.</t>

            <t hangText="Browser:">Used semantics.</dd>
          <dt>Browser:</dt>
          <dd>Used synonymously with "Interactive User
            Agent" "interactive user
            agent" as defined in the HTML specification <xref
            target="W3C.WD-html5-20110525"/>. target="HTML5" format="default"/>.
 See also the "WebRTC Browser" (aka "WebRTC User
            Agent".</t>

            <t hangText="Data Channel:">An Agent") definition below.</dd>
          <dt>Data Channel:</dt>
          <dd>An abstraction that allows data to be
            sent between WebRTC endpoints in the form of messages. Two
            endpoints can have multiple data channels between them.</t>

            <t hangText="ICE Agent:">An them.</dd>
          <dt>ICE Agent:</dt>
          <dd>An implementation of the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) protocol <xref
            target="RFC5245"/> protocol. target="RFC8445" format="default"/>. An ICE Agent may also
            be an SDP Agent, but there exist ICE Agents that do not use SDP
            (for instance instance, those that use Jingle <xref target="XEP-0166">
            </xref>).</t>

            <t hangText="Interactive:">Communication target="XEP-0166" format="default">
            </xref>).</dd>
          <dt>Interactive:</dt>
          <dd>Communication between multiple parties,
            where the expectation is that an action from one party can cause a
            reaction by another party, and the reaction can be observed by the
            first party, with where the total time required for the
            action/reaction/observation is on the order of no more than
            hundreds of milliseconds.</t>

            <t hangText="Media:">Audio milliseconds.</dd>
          <dt>Media:</dt>
          <dd>Audio and video content. Not to be confused
            with "transmission media" such as wires.</t>

            <t hangText="Media Path:">The wires.</dd>
          <dt>Media Path:</dt>
          <dd>The path that media data follows from
            one WebRTC endpoint to another.</t>

            <t hangText="Protocol:">A another.</dd>
          <dt>Protocol:</dt>
          <dd>A specification of a set of data units,
            their representation, and rules for their transmission, with their
            defined semantics. A protocol is usually thought of as going
            between systems.</t>

            <t hangText="Real-time Media:">Media systems.</dd>
          <dt>Real-Time Media:</dt>
          <dd>Media where the generation of content
            and display of content are intended to occur closely together in
            time (on the order of no more than hundreds of milliseconds).
            Real-time media can be used to support interactive
            communication.</t>

            <t hangText="SDP Agent:">The
            communication.</dd>
          <dt>SDP Agent:</dt>
          <dd>The protocol implementation involved in
            the Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer/answer exchange, as
            defined in <xref target="RFC3264"/> section 3.</t>

            <t hangText="Signaling:">Communication target="RFC3264" sectionFormat="comma" section="3"/>.</dd>
          <dt>Signaling:</dt>
          <dd>Communication that happens in order to
            establish, manage manage, and control media paths and data paths.</t>

            <t hangText="Signaling Path:">The paths.</dd>
          <dt>Signaling Path:</dt>
          <dd>The communication channels used
            between entities participating in signaling to transfer signaling.
            There may be more entities in the signaling path than in the media
            path.</t>

            <t hangText="WebRTC Browser:">(also
            path.</dd>
          <dt>WebRTC Browser (also called a WebRTC "WebRTC User Agent Agent" or WebRTC UA) "WebRTC UA"):</dt>
          <dd>&zwsp; Something that conforms to both the protocol
            specification and the Javascript JavaScript API cited above.</t>

            <t hangText="WebRTC non-Browser:"> above.</dd>
          <dt>WebRTC Non-Browser:</dt>
          <dd> Something that conforms to
            the protocol specification, specification but does not claim to implement the
            Javascript
            JavaScript API.  This can also be called a "WebRTC device" or
            "WebRTC native application".</t>

            <t hangText="WebRTC Endpoint:"> application".</dd>
          <dt>WebRTC Endpoint:</dt>
          <dd> Either a WebRTC browser or a
            WebRTC non-browser. It conforms to the protocol specification.</t>

            <t hangText="WebRTC-compatible Endpoint:"> specification.</dd>
          <dt>WebRTC-Compatible Endpoint:</dt>
          <dd> An endpoint that is able
            to successfully communicate with a WebRTC endpoint, endpoint but may fail to
            meet some requirements of a WebRTC endpoint. This may limit where
            in the network such an endpoint can be attached, attached or may limit the
            security guarantees that it offers to others. It is not
            constrained by this specification; when it is mentioned at all, it
            is to note the implications on WebRTC-compatible endpoints of the
            requirements placed on WebRTC endpoints.</t>

            <t hangText="WebRTC Gateway:"> endpoints.</dd>
          <dt>WebRTC Gateway:</dt>
          <dd> A WebRTC-compatible endpoint that
            mediates media traffic to non-WebRTC entities.</t>
          </list>All entities.</dd>
        </dl>
        <t>All WebRTC browsers are WebRTC endpoints, so any requirement
        on a WebRTC endpoint also applies to a WebRTC browser.</t>
        <t>A WebRTC non-browser may be capable of hosting applications in a
        similar
        way that is similar to the way in which a browser can host Javascript JavaScript
        applications, typically by offering APIs in other languages. For
        instance
        instance, it may be implemented as a library that offers a C++ API
        intended to be loaded into applications. In this case, similar
        security considerations as similar to those for Javascript JavaScript may be needed; however,
        since such APIs are not defined or referenced here, this document
        cannot give any specific rules for those interfaces.</t>
        <t>WebRTC gateways are described in a separate document, document <xref
        target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-gateways"/>.</t> target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-gateways" format="default"/>.</t>
      </section>
      <section title="On interoperability and innovation"> numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>On Interoperability and Innovation</name>
<!-- Quoted text is DNE. -->
        <t>The "Mission statement of for the IETF" <xref target="RFC3935"/> target="RFC3935" format="default"/> states
        that "The benefit of a standard to the Internet is in interoperability
        - that multiple products implementing a standard are able to work
        together in order to deliver valuable functions to the Internet's
        users."</t>
        <t>Communication on the Internet frequently occurs in two phases:</t>

        <t><list style="symbols">
            <t>Two
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>Two parties communicate, through some mechanism, what
            functionality they both are both able to support</t>

            <t>They support.</li>
          <li>They use that shared communicative functionality to
            communicate,
            communicate or, failing to find anything in common, give up on
            communication.</t>
          </list>There
            communication.</li>
        </ul>
        <t>There are often many choices that can be made for
        communicative functionality; the history of the Internet is rife with
        the proposal, standardization, implementation, and success or failure
        of many types of options, in all sorts of protocols.</t>
        <t>The goal of having a mandatory to implement mandatory-to-implement function set is to
        prevent negotiation failure, not to preempt or prevent
        negotiation.</t>
        <t>The presence of a mandatory to implement mandatory-to-implement function set serves as a
        strong changer of the marketplace of deployment - in that it gives a
        guarantee that, that you can communicate successfully as long as you (1)&nbsp;you conform to a specification, specification and the
        (2)&nbsp;the other party is willing to accept communication at the base level of
        that specification, you can communicate successfully.</t> specification.</t>
        <t>The alternative, that is alternative (that is, not having no mandatory to implement, a mandatory-to-implement
 function) does not mean that you cannot communicate, communicate; it merely
 means that in order to be part of the communications partnership,
 you have to implement the standard "and then some". The "and then some" is usually called a
        profile of some sort; in the version most antithetical to the Internet
        ethos, that "and then some" consists of having to use a specific
        vendor's product only.</t>
      </section>
      <section title="Terminology"> numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Terminology</name>
    <t>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
        "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", "<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>",
    "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>",
    "<bcp14>SHALL NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>",
    "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>",
    "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>",
    "<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and "OPTIONAL" "<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are
    to be interpreted as described in BCP&nbsp;14 <xref
        target="RFC2119"/>.</t> target="RFC2119"/>
    <xref target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when, they appear in all capitals,
    as shown here.</t>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section title="Architecture anchor="arch-func-grps" numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Architecture and Functionality groups"> Groups</name>
      <t>For browser-based applications, the model for real-time support does
     not assume that the browser will contain all the functions needed for
     an application such as a telephone or a video conference.  The vision is
     that the browser will have the functions needed for a Web web application,
     working in conjunction with its backend servers, to implement these
     functions.</t>
      <t>This means that two vital interfaces need specification: The the
      protocols that browsers use to talk to each other, without any
      intervening servers, servers; and the APIs that are offered for a Javascript JavaScript
      application to take advantage of the browser's functionality.</t>
      <figure anchor="fig-browser-model" title="Browser Model">
        <artwork><![CDATA[ anchor="fig-browser-model">
        <name>Browser Model</name>
        <artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
                  +------------------------+  On-the-wire
                  |                        |  Protocols
                  |      Servers           |--------->
                  |                        |
                  |                        |
                  +------------------------+
                              ^
                              |
                              |
                              | HTTPS/
                              | WebSockets
                              |
                              |
                +----------------------------+
                |    Javascript/HTML/CSS    JavaScript/HTML/CSS     |
                +----------------------------+
             Other  ^                 ^ RTC
             APIs   |                 | APIs
                +---|-----------------|------+
                |   |                 |      |
                |                 +---------+|
                |                 | Browser ||  On-the-wire
                | Browser         | RTC     ||  Protocols
                |                 | Function|----------->
                |                 |         ||
                |                 |         ||
                |                 +---------+|
                +---------------------|------+
                                      |
                                      V
                                 Native OS Services ]]></artwork>
      </figure>
      <t>Note that HTTPS and WebSockets are also offered to the Javascript JavaScript
      application through browser APIs.</t>
      <t>As for all protocol and API specifications, there is no restriction
      that the protocols can only be used to talk to another browser; since
      they are fully specified, any endpoint that implements the protocols
      faithfully should be able to interoperate with the application running
      in the browser.</t>
      <t>A commonly imagined model of deployment is the one depicted
      below.  In the figure below JS is Javascript.</t> in <xref
      target="fig-webtrapezoid"/>. ("JS" stands for JavaScript.)</t>
      <figure anchor="fig-webtrapezoid" title="Browser anchor="fig-webtrapezoid">
        <name>Browser RTC Trapezoid">
        <artwork><![CDATA[ Trapezoid</name>
        <artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
        +-----------+                  +-----------+
        |   Web     |                  |   Web     |
        |           |  Signaling                  |           |
        |           |-------------|           |------------------|           |
        |  Server   |   path  Signaling Path  |  Server   |
        |           |                  |           |
        +-----------+                  +-----------+
             /                                \
            /                                  \ Application-defined
           /                                    \ over
          /                                      \ HTTPS/WebSockets
         /  Application-defined over              \
        /   HTTPS/WebSockets                       \
       /                                            \
 +-----------+                                +-----------+
 |JS/HTML/CSS|                                |JS/HTML/CSS|
 +-----------+                                +-----------+
 +-----------+                                +-----------+
 |           |                                |           |
 |           |                                |           |
 |  Browser  | ------------------------- |  |--------------------------------|  Browser  |
 |           |          Media path Path            |           |
 |           |                                |           |
 +-----------+                                +-----------+ ]]></artwork>
      </figure>

      <t>On
      <t>In this drawing, the critical part to note is that the media path
      ("low path") goes directly between the browsers, so it has to be
      conformant to the specifications of the WebRTC protocol suite; the
      signaling path ("high path") goes via servers that can modify, translate translate,
      or manipulate the signals as needed.</t>
      <t>If the two Web web servers are operated by different entities, the
      inter-server signaling mechanism needs to be agreed upon, either by either
      standardization or by other means of agreement. Existing protocols
      (e.g.
      (e.g., SIP <xref target="RFC3261"/> target="RFC3261" format="default"/> or XMPP the Extensible
      Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) <xref target="RFC6120"/>) target="RFC6120" format="default"/>)
      could be used between servers, while either a standards-based or
      proprietary protocol could be used between the browser and the web
      server.</t>
      <t>For example, if both operators' servers implement SIP, SIP could be
      used for communication between servers, along with either a standardized
      signaling mechanism (e.g. (e.g., SIP over WebSockets) or a proprietary
      signaling mechanism used between the application running in the browser
      and the web server. Similarly, if both operators' servers implement
      Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP),
      XMPP, XMPP could be used
      for communication between XMPP servers, with either a standardized
      signaling mechanism (e.g. (e.g., XMPP over WebSockets or BOSH Bidirectional-streams
      Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH) <xref
      target="XEP-0124"/> target="XEP-0124" format="default"/>) or a proprietary signaling mechanism used between the
      application running in the browser and the web server.</t>
      <t>The choice of protocols for client-server and inter-server
      signalling,
      signaling, and the definition of the translation between them, is are outside
      the scope of the WebRTC protocol suite described in the this document.</t>
      <t>The functionality groups that are needed in the browser can be
      specified, more or less from the bottom up, as:</t>

      <t><list style="symbols">
          <t>Data transport: such as TCP, UDP
       <dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
        <dt>Data transport:</dt>
         <dd>For example, TCP and UDP, and the means to securely set up
          connections between entities, as well as the functions for deciding
          when to send data: congestion management, bandwidth estimation estimation, and
          so on.</t>

          <t>Data framing: RTP, SCTP, on.</dd>
        <dt>Data framing:</dt>
         <dd>RTP, the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), DTLS, and other data formats that serve
          as containers, and their functions for data confidentiality and
          integrity.</t>

          <t>Data formats: Codec
          integrity.</dd>
        <dt>Data formats:</dt>
         <dd>Codec specifications, format specifications specifications, and
          functionality specifications for the data passed between systems.
          Audio and video codecs, as well as formats for data and document
          sharing, belong in this category. In order to make use of data
          formats, a way to describe them, them (e.g., a session description, description) is
          needed.</t>

          <t>Connection management: Setting
          needed.</dd>
        <dt>Connection management:</dt>
         <dd>For example, setting up connections, agreeing on data
          formats, changing data formats during the duration of a call; call. SDP,
          SIP, and Jingle/XMPP belong in this category.</t>

          <t>Presentation category.</dd>
        <dt>Presentation and control: What control:</dt>
         <dd>What needs to happen in order to ensure
          that interactions behave in a non-surprising an unsurprising manner. This can
          include floor control, screen layout, voice activated voice-activated image
          switching
          switching, and other such functions - functions, where part of the system
          require the
          requires cooperation between parties. XCON and Cisco/Tandberg's
          TIP Centralized Conferencing
          (XCON) <xref target="RFC6501"/> and Cisco&wj;/Tandberg's Telepresence Interoperability Protocol
          (TIP) were some attempts at specifying this kind of functionality;
          many applications have been built without standardized interfaces to
          these functions.</t>

          <t>Local functions.</dd>
        <dt>Local system support functions: These are things functions:</dt>
         <dd>Functions that need not be
          specified uniformly, because each participant may choose to do implement these
          in a way of the participant's choosing,
          functions as they choose, without affecting the bits
          on the wire in a way that others have to be cognizant of. Examples
          in this category include echo cancellation (some forms of it), local
          authentication and authorization mechanisms, OS access control control, and
          the ability to do local recording of conversations.</t>
        </list>Within conversations.</dd>
       </dl>
      <t>Within each functionality group, it is important to preserve
      both freedom to innovate and the ability for global communication.
      Freedom to innovate is helped by doing the specification in terms of
      interfaces, not implementation; any implementation able to communicate
      according to the interfaces is a valid implementation. Ability The ability to
      communicate globally is helped both by both (1) having core specifications be
      unencumbered by IPR issues and by (2) having the formats and protocols be
      fully enough specified to allow for independent implementation.</t>
      <t>One can think of the three first three groups as forming a "media transport
      infrastructure",
      infrastructure" and of the three last three groups as forming a "media
      service". In many contexts, it makes sense to use a common specification
      for the media transport infrastructure, which can be embedded in
      browsers and accessed using standard interfaces, and "let a thousand
      flowers bloom" in the "media service" layer; to achieve interoperable
      services, however, at least the first five of the six groups need to be
      specified.</t>
    </section>
    <section anchor="ch-transport" title="Data transport"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Data Transport</name>
      <t>Data transport refers to the sending and receiving of data over the
      network interfaces, the choice of network-layer addresses at each end of
      the communication, and the interaction with any intermediate entities
      that handle the data, data but do not modify it (such as TURN Traversal Using
      Relays around NAT (TURN) relays).</t>
      <t>It includes necessary functions for congestion control,
      retransmission, and in-order delivery.</t>
      <t>WebRTC endpoints MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement the transport protocols described in
      <xref target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-transports"/>.</t> target="RFC8835" format="default"/>.</t>
    </section>
    <section title="Data framing numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Data Framing and securing"> Securing</name>
      <t>The format for media transport is RTP <xref target="RFC3550"/>. target="RFC3550" format="default"/>.
      Implementation of SRTP the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) <xref target="RFC3711"/> target="RFC3711" format="default"/> is REQUIRED <bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14> for all
      implementations.</t>
      <t>The detailed considerations for usage of functions from RTP and SRTP
      are given in <xref target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-rtp-usage"/>. target="RFC8834" format="default"/>. The security
      considerations for the WebRTC use case are provided in <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security"/>, target="RFC8826" format="default"/>, and the resulting security
      functions are described in <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security-arch"/>.</t> target="RFC8827" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>Considerations for the transfer of data that is not in RTP format is are
      described in <xref target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-data-channel"/>, target="RFC8831" format="default"/>, and a
      supporting protocol for establishing individual data channels is
      described in <xref target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-data-protocol"/>. target="RFC8832" format="default"/>. WebRTC
      endpoints MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement these two specifications.</t>
      <t>WebRTC endpoints MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-rtp-usage"/>, target="RFC8834" format="default"/>, <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security"/>, target="RFC8826" format="default"/>, <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security-arch"/>, target="RFC8827" format="default"/>, and the requirements they
      include.</t>
    </section>
    <section anchor="ch-data" title="Data formats"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Data Formats</name>
      <t>The intent of this specification is to allow each communications
      event to use the data formats that are best suited for that particular
      instance, where a format is supported by both sides of the connection.
      However, a minimum standard is greatly helpful in order to ensure that
      communication can be achieved. This document specifies a minimum
      baseline that will be supported by all implementations of this
      specification,
      specification and leaves further codecs to be included at the will of
      the implementor.</t> implementer.</t>
      <t>WebRTC endpoints that support audio and/or video MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement the
      codecs and profiles required in <xref target="RFC7874"/> target="RFC7874" format="default"/> and <xref
      target="RFC7742"/>.</t> target="RFC7742" format="default"/>.</t>
    </section>
    <section title="Connection management"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Connection Management</name>
      <t>The methods, mechanisms mechanisms, and requirements for setting up, negotiating negotiating,
      and tearing down connections is comprise a large subject, and one where it is
      desirable to have both interoperability and freedom to innovate.</t>
      <t>The following principles apply:</t>

      <t><list style="numbers">
          <t>The
      <ol spacing="normal" type="1">
        <li>The WebRTC media negotiations will be capable of representing the
          same SDP offer/answer semantics <xref target="RFC3264"/> target="RFC3264" format="default"/> that are
          used in SIP, in such a way that it is possible to build a
          signaling gateway between SIP and the WebRTC media negotiation.</t>

          <t>It negotiation.</li>
        <li>It will be possible to gateway between legacy SIP devices that
          support ICE and appropriate RTP / SDP RTP/SDP mechanisms, codecs codecs, and
          security mechanisms without using a media gateway. A signaling
          gateway to convert between the signaling on the web side to and the SIP
          signaling may be needed.</t>

          <t>When needed.</li>
        <li>When an SDP for a new codec is specified, no other standardization
          should be required for it to be possible to use that codec in the web
          browsers. Adding new codecs which that might have new SDP parameters should
          not change the APIs between the browser and Javascript the JavaScript application. As
          soon as the browsers support the new codecs, old applications
          written before the codecs were specified should automatically be
          able to use the new codecs where appropriate appropriate, with no changes to the
          JS applications.</t>
        </list>The
          JavaScript applications.</li>
      </ol>
      <t>The particular choices made for WebRTC, and their implications
      for the API offered by a browser implementing WebRTC, are described in
      <xref target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-jsep"/>.</t> target="RFC8829" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>WebRTC browsers MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-jsep"/>.</t> target="RFC8829" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>WebRTC endpoints MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement the those functions
      described in that
      document <xref target="RFC8829"/> that relate to the network layer (e.g. Bundle (e.g., BUNDLE <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation"/>, RTCP-mux
      target="RFC8843" format="default"/>, "rtcp-mux" <xref
      target="RFC5761"/> target="RFC5761"
      format="default"/>, and Trickle ICE <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-ice-trickle"/>), target="RFC8838"
      format="default"/>), but these endpoints do not need to support the API
      functionality described there.</t> in <xref target="RFC8829"/>.</t>
    </section>
    <section title="Presentation numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Presentation and control"> Control</name>
      <t>The most important part of control is the user's users' control over the
      browser's interaction with input/output devices and communications
      channels. It is important that the user users have some way of figuring out
      where his their audio, video video, or texting is being sent, sent; for what purported
      reason,
      reason; and what guarantees are made by the parties that form part of
      this control channel. This is largely a local function between the
      browser, the underlying operating system system, and the user interface; this is
      specified in the peer connection API <xref
      target="W3C.WD-webrtc-20120209"/>, target="W3C.WD-webrtc" format="default"/> and the media capture API <xref
      target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams-20120628"/>.</t> target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>WebRTC browsers MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement these two specifications.</t>
    </section>
    <section title="Local system support functions"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Local System Support Functions</name>
      <t>These functions are characterized by the fact that the quality of these
      functions an implementation strongly influence influences the user experience, but the exact
      algorithm does not need coordination. In some cases (for instance instance, echo
      cancellation, as described below), the overall system definition may
      need to specify that the overall system needs to have some
      characteristics for which these facilities are useful, without requiring
      them to be implemented a certain way.</t>
      <t>Local functions include echo cancellation, cancellation; volume control, control; camera
      management
      management, including focus, zoom, and pan/tilt controls (if available), available); and
      more.</t>
      <t>One would want to see certain parts of the system conform to certain
      properties,
      properties; for instance:</t>

      <t><list style="symbols">
          <t>Echo
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>Echo cancellation should be good enough to achieve the
          suppression of acoustical feedback loops below a perceptually
          noticeable level.</t>

          <t>Privacy level.</li>
        <li>Privacy concerns MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be satisfied; for instance, if remote
          control of a camera is offered, the APIs should be available to let
          the local participant figure out who's controlling the camera, camera and
          possibly decide to revoke the permission for camera usage.</t>

          <t>Automatic gain control, usage.</li>
        <li>Automatic Gain Control (AGC), if present, should normalize a speaking
          voice into a reasonable dB range.</t>
        </list>The range.</li>
      </ul>
      <t>The requirements on WebRTC systems with regard to audio
      processing are found in <xref target="RFC7874"/> target="RFC7874" format="default"/>,
and that document includes more
      guidance about echo cancellation and AGC; the proposed API APIs for control
      of local devices are found in <xref
      target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams-20120628"/>.</t>
      target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>WebRTC endpoints MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement the processing functions in <xref
      target="RFC7874"/>. target="RFC7874" format="default"/>. (Together with the requirement in <xref
      target="ch-data"/>, target="ch-data" format="default"/>, this means that WebRTC endpoints MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> implement the
      whole document.)</t>
    </section>
    <section anchor="IANA" title="IANA Considerations"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>IANA Considerations</name>
      <t>This document makes has no request of IANA.</t>

      <t>Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an
      RFC.</t> IANA actions.</t>
    </section>
    <section anchor="Security" title="Security Considerations"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Security Considerations</name>
      <t>Security of the web-enabled real time real-time communications comes in several
      pieces:</t>

      <t><list style="symbols">
          <t>Security
       <dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
        <dt>Security of the components: The components:</dt>
         <dd>The browsers, and other servers
          involved. The most target-rich environment here is probably the
          browser; the aim here should be that the introduction of these
          components introduces no additional vulnerability.</t>

          <t>Security vulnerability.</dd>
        <dt>Security of the communication channels: It channels:</dt>
         <dd>It should be easy for a
          participant participants to reassure himself themselves of the
	 security of his their communication
          -
          -- by verifying the crypto parameters of the links he himself
          participates that they
          participate in, and to get reassurances from the other parties to
          the communication that they those parties promise that appropriate measures are
          taken.</t>

          <t>Security
          taken.</dd>
        <dt>Security of the partners' identity: verifying identities:</dt>
         <dd>Verifying that the
          participants are who they say they are (when positive identification
          is appropriate), appropriate) or that their identity identities cannot be uncovered (when
          anonymity is a goal of the application).</t>
        </list>The application).</dd>
       </dl>
      <t>The security analysis, and the requirements derived from that
      analysis, is are contained in <xref target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security"/>.</t> target="RFC8826" format="default"/>.</t>
      <t>It is also important to read the security sections of <xref
      target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams-20120628"/> target="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams" format="default"/> and <xref
      target="W3C.WD-webrtc-20120209"/>.</t>
    </section>

    <section anchor="Acknowledgements" title="Acknowledgements">
      <t>The number of people who have taken part in the discussions
      surrounding this draft are too numerous to list, or even to identify.
      The ones below have made special, identifiable contributions; this does
      not mean that others' contributions are less important.</t>

      <t>Thanks to Cary Bran, Cullen Jennings, Colin Perkins, Magnus
      Westerlund and Joerg Ott, who offered technical contributions on various
      versions of the draft.</t>

      <t>Thanks to Jonathan Rosenberg, Matthew Kaufman and others at Skype for
      the ASCII drawings in section 1.</t>

      <t>Thanks to Alissa Cooper, Bjoern Hoehrmann, Colin Perkins,
      Colton Shields, Eric Rescorla, Heath Matlock, Henry Sinnreich,
      Justin Uberti, Keith Drage, Magnus Westerlund, Olle E. Johansson,
      Sean Turner and Simon Leinen for document review.</t> target="W3C.WD-webrtc" format="default"/>.</t>
    </section>
  </middle>
  <back>
    <references title="Normative References">
      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.2119'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3550'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3264'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3711'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5245'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.7742'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.7874'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-transports'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-rtp-usage'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-data-channel'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-data-protocol'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-security-arch'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-jsep'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.W3C.WD-webrtc-20120209'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams-20120628'?>

      <?rfc ?>
    </references>

    <references title="Informative References">
      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3935'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3261'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3361'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5761'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.6120'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.7478'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.8155'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.W3C.WD-html5-20110525'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-ice-trickle'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-gateways'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos'?>
<displayreference target="I-D.ietf-rtcweb-gateways" to="WebRTC-Gateways"/>

    <references>
      <name>References</name>
      <references>
        <name>Normative References</name>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3550.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3264.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3711.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7742.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7874.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8445.xml"/>

<!--draft-ietf-rtcweb-security: RFC 8826 -->
 <reference anchor="XEP-0166"> anchor="RFC8826" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8826">
 <front>
 <title>Security Considerations for WebRTC</title>
 <author initials='E.' surname='Rescorla' fullname='Eric Rescorla'>
   <organization/>
 </author>
 <date month='July' year='2020'/>
 </front>
 <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8826"/>
 <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8826"/>
 </reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-rtcweb-transports-17: 8835 -->
<reference anchor="RFC8835" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8835">
  <front>
    <title>Transports for WebRTC</title>
    <author initials="H." surname="Alvestrand" fullname="Harald Alvestrand">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <date month="July" year="2020" />
  </front>
  <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8835" />
  <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8835"/>
</reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-rtcweb-rtp-usage; RFC 8834 -->
<reference anchor="RFC8834" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8834">
  <front>
    <title>Media Transport and Use of RTP in WebRTC</title>
    <author initials="C." surname="Perkins" fullname="Colin Perkins">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <author initials="M." surname="Westerlund" fullname="Magnus Westerlund">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <author initials="J." surname="Ott" fullname="Jörg Ott">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <date month="July" year="2020" />
  </front>
  <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8834" />
  <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8834"/>
</reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-rtcweb-data-channel: 8831 -->
<reference anchor="RFC8831" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8831">
<front>
<title>WebRTC Data Channels</title>
<author initials="R" surname="Jesup" fullname="Randell Jesup">
  <organization/>
</author>
<author initials="S" surname="Loreto" fullname="Salvatore Loreto">
  <organization/>
</author>
<author initials="M" surname="Tüxen" fullname="Michael Tüxen">
  <organization/>
</author>
<date month='July' year='2020'/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8831"/>
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8831"/>
</reference>

<!--draft-ietf-rtcweb-data-protocol: 8832 -->
<reference anchor="RFC8832" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8832">
<front>
<title>WebRTC Data Channel Establishment Protocol</title>
<author initials='R.' surname='Jesup' fullname='Randell Jesup'>
  <organization/>
</author>
<author initials='S.' surname='Loreto' fullname='Salvatore Loreto'>
  <organization/>
</author>
<author initials='M' surname='Tüxen' fullname='Michael Tüxen'>
  <organization/>
</author>
<date month='July' year='2020'/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8832"/>
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8832"/>
</reference>

<!--draft-ietf-rtcweb-security-arch: 8827 -->
 <reference anchor="RFC8827" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8827">
 <front>
 <title>WebRTC Security Architecture</title>
 <author initials='E.' surname='Rescorla' fullname='Eric Rescorla'>
   <organization/>
 </author>
 <date month='May' year='2020'/>
 </front>
 <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8827"/>
 <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8827"/>
 </reference>

 <reference anchor="RFC8829" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8829">
 <front>
 <title>JavaScript Session Establishment Protocol (JSEP)</title>
 <author initials='J.' surname='Uberti' fullname='Justin Uberti'>
   <organization/>
 </author>
 <author initials="C." surname="Jennings" fullname="Cullen Jennings">
   <organization/>
 </author>
 <author initials="E." surname="Rescorla" fullname="Eric Rescorla"
         role="editor">
 <organization/>
 </author>
 <date month='July' year='2020'/>
 </front>
 <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8829"/>
 <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8829"/>
 </reference>

        <reference anchor="W3C.WD-webrtc" target="https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/CR-webrtc-20191213/">
          <front>
            <title>WebRTC 1.0: Real-time Communication Between Browsers</title>
            <author initials="C." surname="Jennings" fullname="Cullen Jennings">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="H." surname="Boström" fullname="Henrik Boström">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="J-I." surname="Bruaroey" fullname="Jan-Ivar Bruaroey">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date year="2019" month="December" day="13"/>
          </front>
            <refcontent>W3C Candidate Recommendation</refcontent>
        </reference>

        <reference anchor="W3C.WD-mediacapture-streams" target="https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/CR-mediacapture-streams-20190702/">
          <front>
            <title>Media Capture and Streams</title>
            <author initials="D." surname="Burnett" fullname="Daniel C. Burnett">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="A." surname="Bergkvist" fullname="Adam Bergkvist">
             <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="C." surname="Jennings" fullname="Cullen Jennings">
             <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="A." surname="Narayanan" fullname="Anant Narayanan">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="B." surname="Aboba" fullname="Bernard Aboba">
             <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="J-I." surname="Bruaroey" fullname="Jan-Ivar Bruaroey">
             <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="H." surname="Boström" fullname="Henrik Boström">
             <organization/>
            </author>
            <date month="July" year="2019" day="2"/>
          </front>
          <refcontent>W3C Candidate Recommendation</refcontent>
        </reference>
      </references>
      <references>
        <name>Informative References</name>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3935.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3261.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3361.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5761.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6120.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6501.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7478.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8155.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5245.xml"/>

      <reference anchor="HTML5" target="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/">
          <front>
            <title>HTML - Living Standard</title>
           <author>
            <organization>WHATWG</organization>
           </author>
            <date month="July" year="2020" />
          </front>
        </reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-ice-trickle (RFC 8838) -->
<reference anchor="RFC8838" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8838">
  <front>
    <title>Trickle ICE: Incremental Provisioning of Candidates for the
    Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) Protocol</title>
    <author initials="E" surname="Ivov" fullname="Emil Ivov">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <author initials="J" surname="Uberti" fullname="Justin Uberti">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <author initials="P" surname="Saint-Andre" fullname="Peter Saint-Andre">
      <organization />
    </author>
    <date month="July" year="2020" />
  </front>
  <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8838" />
  <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8838"/>
</reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation (RFC 8843) -->
    <reference anchor="RFC8843" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8843">
      <front>
        <title>Negotiating Media Multiplexing Using the Session Description Protocol (SDP)</title>
        <author initials="C" surname="Holmberg" fullname="Christer Holmberg">
          <organization/>
        </author>
        <author initials="H" surname="Alvestrand" fullname="Harald Alvestrand">
          <organization/>
        </author>
        <author initials="C" surname="Jennings" fullname="Cullen Jennings">
          <organization/>
        </author>
        <date month="July" year="2020"/>
      </front>
        <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8843"/>
        <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8843"/>
    </reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-rtcweb-gateways (Expired) -->
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-rtcweb-gateways.xml"/>

<!-- draft-ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos-18 (RFC 8837)  -->
<reference anchor="RFC8837" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8837">
  <front>
    <title>Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) Packet Markings for
    WebRTC QoS</title>
    <author initials="P." surname="Jones" fullname="Paul Jones">
      <organization/>
    </author>
    <author initials="S." surname="Dhesikan" fullname="Subha Dhesikan">
      <organization/>
    </author>
    <author initials="C." surname="Jennings" fullname="Cullen Jennings">
      <organization/>
    </author>
    <author initials="D." surname="Druta" fullname="Dan Druta">
      <organization/>
    </author>
    <date month="July" year="2020"/>
  </front>
     <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8837" />
     <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8837"/>
</reference>

        <reference anchor="XEP-0166" target="https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0166.html">
          <front>
            <title>Jingle</title>
            <author fullname="Scott Ludwig" initials="S." surname="Ludwig">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>scottlu@google.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Joe Beda" initials="J." surname="Beda">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>jbeda@google.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Peter Saint-Andre" initials="P." surname="Saint-Andre">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>stpeter@jabber.org</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Robert McQueen" initials="R." surname="McQueen">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>robert.mcqueen@collabora.co.uk</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Sean Egan" initials="S." surname="Egan">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>seanegan@google.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Joe Hildebrand" initials="J." surname="Hildebrand">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>jhildebr@cisco.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <date day="20" month="June" year="2007"/>
          </front>
            <seriesInfo name="XSF XEP" value="0166"/>

        <format target="http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0166.html" type="HTML"/>
        </reference>

        <reference anchor="XEP-0124"> anchor="XEP-0124" target="https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0124.html">
          <front>                                                                                                               <title>BOSH</title>
            <title>Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH)</title>
            <author fullname="Ian Paterson" initials="I." surname="Paterson">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>ian.paterson@clientside.co.uk</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Dave Smith" initials="D." surname="Smith">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>dizzyd@jabber.org</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Peter Saint-Andre" initials="P." surname="Saint-Andre">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>stpeter@jabber.org</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Jack Moffitt" initials="J." surname="Moffitt">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>jack@chesspark.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Lance Stout" initials="L." surname="Stout">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>lance@andyet.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Winifried Tilanus" initials="W." surname="Tilanus">
              <organization/>
              <address>
                <email>winfried@tilanus.com</email>
              </address>
            </author>
            <date day="16" month="November" year="2016"/>
          </front>
            <seriesInfo name="XSF XEP" value="0124"/>

         <format target="http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0124.html" type="HTML"/>
        </reference>

      </references>
    </references>
    <section title="Change log">
      <t>This section may be deleted by the RFC Editor when preparing for
      publication.</t>

      <section title="Changes from draft-alvestrand-dispatch-rtcweb-datagram-00 to -01">
        <t>Added section "On interoperability and innovation"</t>

        <t>Added data confidentiality and integrity to the "data framing"
        layer</t>

        <t>Added congestion management requirements anchor="Acknowledgements" numbered="false" toc="default">
      <name>Acknowledgements</name>
      <t>The number of people who have taken part in the "data transport"
        layer section</t>

        <t>Changed need for non-media data from "question: do we need this?"
        to "Open issue: How do we do this?"</t>

        <t>Strengthened disclaimer that listed codecs are placeholders, not
        decisions.</t>

        <t>More details on why the "local system support functions" section is
        there.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from draft-alvestrand-dispatch-01 to draft-alvestrand-rtcweb-overview-00">
        <t>Added section on "Relationship between API and protocol"</t>

        <t>Added terminology section</t>

        <t>Mentioned congestion management as part of the "data transport"
        layer in the layer list</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from draft-alvestrand-rtcweb-00 to -01">
        <t>Removed most technical content, and replaced with pointers to
        drafts as requested and identified by the RTCWEB WG chairs.</t>

        <t>Added content to acknowledgments section.</t>

        <t>Added change log.</t>

        <t>Spell-checked document.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from draft-alvestrand-rtcweb-overview-01 to draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview-00">
        <t>Changed draft name and discussions
      surrounding this document date.</t>

        <t>Removed unused references</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -00 to -01 of draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview">
        <t>Added architecture figures to section 2.</t>

        <t>Changed the description of "echo cancellation" under "local system
        support functions".</t>

        <t>Added a few more definitions.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -01 to -02 of draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview">
        <t>Added pointers to use cases, security and rtp-usage drafts (now WG
        drafts).</t>

        <t>Changed description of SRTP from mandatory-to-use to
        mandatory-to-implement.</t>

        <t>Added the "3 principles of negotiation" to the connection
        management section.</t>

        <t>Added an explicit statement that ICE is required for both NAT and
        consent-to-receive.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -02 to -03 of draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview">
        <t>Added references are too numerous to a number of new drafts.</t>

        <t>Expanded the description text under the "trapezoid" drawing with
        some more text discussed on the list.</t>

        <t>Changed the "Connection management" sentence from "will be done
        using SDP offer/answer" list, or even to "will be capable of representing SDP
        offer/answer" - identify.
      The people listed below have made special, identifiable contributions; this seems more consistent with JSEP.</t>

        <t>Added "security mechanisms" to the things a non-gatewayed SIP
        devices must support in order to does
      not need a media gateway.</t>

        <t>Added a definition for "browser".</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -03 to -04 of draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview">
        <t>Made introduction more normative.</t>

        <t>Several wording changes in response to review comments from EKR</t>

        <t>Added an appendix to hold references and notes mean that others' contributions are not yet in
        a separate document.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -04 to -05 of draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview">
        <t>Minor grammatical fixes. This is mainly a "keepalive" refresh.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -05 to -06">
        <t>Clarifications in response to Last Call review comments. Inserted
        reference to draft-ietf-rtcweb-audio.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -06 to -07">
        <t>Added a reference to the "unified plan" draft, and updated some
        references.</t>

        <t>Otherwise, it's a "keepalive" draft.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -07 to -08">
        <t>Removed the appendix that detailed transports, and replaced it with
        a reference to draft-ietf-rtcweb-transports. Removed now-unused
        references.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -08 to -09">
        <t>Added text to the Abstract indicating that the intended status is
        an Applicability Statement.</t>

        <t/>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -09 to -10">
        <t>Defined "WebRTC Browser" and "WebRTC device" as things that do, or
        don't, conform to the API.</t>

        <t>Updated reference to data-protocol draft</t>

        <t>Updated data formats to reference -rtcweb-audio- and not the
        expired -cbran draft.</t>

        <t>Deleted references to -unified-plan</t>

        <t>Deleted reference to -generic-idp (draft expired)</t>

        <t>Added notes on which referenced documents WebRTC browsers or
        devices MUST conform to.</t>

        <t>Added pointer less important.</t>
      <t>Thanks to the security section of the API drafts.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -10 <contact fullname="Cary Bran"/>, <contact fullname="Cullen
      Jennings"/>, <contact fullname="Colin Perkins"/>, <contact fullname="Magnus
      Westerlund"/>, and <contact fullname="Jörg Ott"/>, who offered technical contributions to -11">
        <t>Added "WebRTC Gateway" as a third class of device, and referenced
        the doc describing them.</t>

        <t>Made a number various
      draft versions of text clarifications in response to document
        reviews.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -11 to -12">
        <t>Refined entity definitions this document.</t>
      <t>Thanks to define "WebRTC endpoint" <contact fullname="Jonathan Rosenberg"/>, <contact fullname="Matthew Kaufman"/>, and
        "WebRTC-compatible endpoint".</t>

        <t>Changed remaining usage of the term "RTCWEB" to "WebRTC", including
        in the page header.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -12 to -13">
        <t>Changed "WebRTC device" to be "WebRTC non-browser", per decision others at
        IETF 91. This led to the need for "WebRTC endpoint" as the common
        label Skype for both, and
      the usage of that term in the rest of the
        document.</t>

        <t>Added words about WebRTC APIs ASCII drawings in languages other than
        Javascript.</t>

        <t>Referenced draft-ietf-rtcweb-video for video codecs to support.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -13 to -14">
        <t>None. This is a "keepalive" update.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -14 to -15">
        <t>Changed "gateways" reference to point to the WG document.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -15 to -16">
        <t>None. This is a "keepalive" publication.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -16 to -17">
        <t>Addressed review comments by Olle E. Johansson and Magnus
        Westerlund</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Changes from -17 <xref target="arch-func-grps"/>.</t>
      <t>Thanks to -18">
        <t>Addressed review comments from Sean Turner <contact fullname="Alissa Cooper"/>, <contact
      fullname="Björn Höhrmann"/>, <contact fullname="Colin Perkins"/>,
      <contact fullname="Colton Shields"/>, <contact fullname="Eric
      Rescorla"/>, <contact fullname="Heath Matlock"/>, <contact fullname="Henry Sinnreich"/>,
      <contact fullname="Justin Uberti"/>, <contact fullname="Keith Drage"/>,
      <contact fullname="Magnus Westerlund"/>, <contact fullname="Olle E.&nbsp;Johansson"/>,
      <contact fullname="Sean Turner"/>, and Alissa Cooper</t>
      </section>
      <section title="Changes from -18 to -19">
	<t>A number of grammatical issues were fixed.</t>
	<t>Added note on operational impact of WebRTC.</t>
	<t>Unified all definitions into the definitions list.</t>
	<t>Added a reference <contact fullname="Simon Leinen"/> for BOSH.</t>
	<t>Changed ICE reference from 5245bis to RFC 5245.</t>
      </section> document review.</t>
    </section>
  </back>
</rfc>