PasswordSafe database format description version 3
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Copyright (c) 2003-2006 Rony Shapiro <ronys@users.sourceforge.net>.
All rights reserved. Use of the code is allowed under the Artistic
License terms, as specified in the LICENSE file distributed with this
code, or available from
http://www.opensource.org/licenses/artistic-license.php 


1. Introduction: The format described below has the following goals:
a. To fix a minor design flaw in previous versions of the PasswordSafe
database format.
b. To replace the underlying cryptographic functions with more advanced
versions.
c. To allow detection of a truncated or corrupted/tampered database.

Meeting these goals is impossible without breaking compatibility: The new
format will NOT be compatible with existing implementations.

2. Format: A V3 format PasswordSafe will be structured as follows:

    TAG|SALT|ITER|H(P')|B1|B2|B3|B4|IV|HDR|R1|R2|...|Rn|EOF|HMAC

Where:

2.1 TAG is the sequence of 4 ASCII characters "PWS3". This is to serve as a
quick way for the application to identify the database as a PasswordSafe
version 3 file. This tag has no cryptographic value. Changing or removing
it will cause the database to be unreadable, and adding it to a non-
database file will only cause the application to attempt to validate the
passphrase as described below.

2.1 SALT is a 256 bit random value, generated at file creation time.

2.3 P' is the "stretched key" of the user's passphrase and the SALT, as
defined by the hash-function-based key stretching algorithm in
http://www.schneier.com/paper-low-entropy.pdf (Section 4.1), with SHA-256
as the hash function, and ITER iterations (at least 2048, i.e., t = 11).

2.4 ITER is the number of iterations on the hash function to calculate P',
stored as a 32 bit little-endian value. This value is stored here in order
to future-proof the file format against increases in processing power.

2.5 H(P') is SHA-256(P'), and is used to verify that the user has the
correct passphrase.

2.6 B1 and B2 are two 128-bit blocks encrypted with Twofish using P' as the
key, in ECB mode. These blocks contain the 256 bit random key K that is
used to encrypt the actual records. (This has the property that there is no
known or guessable information on the plaintext encrypted with the
passphrase-derived key that allows an attacker to mount an attack that
bypasses the key stretching algorithm.)

2.7 B3 and B4 are two 128-bit blocks encrypted with Twofish using P' as the
key, in ECB mode. These blocks contain the 256 bit random key L that is
used to calculate the HMAC (keyed-hash message authentication code) of the
encrypted data. See description of EOF field below for more details.
Implementation Note: K and L must NOT be related.

2.8 IV is the 128-bit random Initial Value for CBC mode.

2.9 All following records are encrypted using Twofish in CBC mode, with K
as the encryption key.

2.9.1 HDR: The database header. The header consists of one or more typed
fields (as defined in section 3.1), terminated by the 'END' type field. The
version number field is mandatory.

2.9.2 R1..Rn: The actual database records. Each record consists of one or
more typed fields (as defined in Section 3.2), terminated by the 'END' type
field. The UUID, Title, and Password fields are mandatory. All non-
mandatory fields may either be absent or have zero length. When a field is
absent or zero-length, its default value shall be used.

2.10 EOF: The ASCII characters "PWS3-EOFPWS3-EOF" (note that this is
exactly one block long), unencrypted. This is an implementation convenience
to inform the application that the following bytes are to be processed
differently.

2.11 HMAC: The 256-bit keyed-hash MAC, as described in RFC2104, with SHA-
256 as the underlying hash function. The value is calculated over all of
the plaintext fields, that is, over all the data stored in all fields
(starting from the version number in the header, ending with the last field
of the last record). The key L as stored in B3 and B4 is used as the hash
key value.

3. Fields: Data in PasswordSafe is stored in typed fields. Each field
consists of one or more blocks. The blocks are the blocks of the underlying
encryption algorithm - 16 bytes long for Twofish. The first block contains
the field length in the first 4 bytes (little-endian), followed by a one-
byte type identifier. The rest of the block contains up to 11 bytes of
record data. If the record has less than 11 bytes of data, the extra bytes
are filled with random values. The type of a field also defines the data
representation.

3.1 Field types for database header (based on the v2 format):
                                                 Currently
Name                        Value        Type    Implemented      Comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Version                     0x00        %02x          Y              [1]
UUID                        0x01        UUID          Y              [2]
Non-default preferences     0x02        Text          Y              [3]
Tree Display Status         0x03        Text          Y              [4]
Timestamp of last save      0x04        time_t        Y              [5]
Who performed last save     0x05        Text          Y              [6]
What performed last save    0x06        Text          Y              [7]
End of Entry                0xff        [empty]       Y              [8]

[1] The version number of the database format. For this version, the value
is 0x0301 (stored in little-endian format, that is, 0x01, 0x03).
PasswordSafe V3.01 introduced Format 0x0300
PasswordSafe V3.03 introduced Format 0x0301

[2] A universally unique identifier is needed in order to synchronize
databases, i.e., between a handheld pocketPC device and a PC. The UUID data
type is 16 bytes long, as defined in RFC4122. Windows has functions for
this, and the RFC has a sample implementation.

[3] Non-default preferences are encoded in a string as follows: The string
is of the form "X nn vv X nn vv..." Where X=[BIS] for binary, integer and
string respectively, nn is the numeric value of the enum, and vv is the
value, {1 or 0} for bool, unsigned integer for int, and quoted string for
String. Only non-default values are stored. See PWSprefs.cpp for more
details.

[4] If requested to be saved, this is a string of 1s and 0s indicating the
expanded state of the tree display when the database was saved. This can
be applied at database open time, if the user wishes, so that the tree is
displayed as it was. Alternatively, it can be ignored and the tree
displayed completely expanded or collapsed. Implemented in V3.03 and later.

[5] Timestamps are stored as 32 bit, little endian, unsigned integers,
representing the number of seconds since Midnight, January 1, 1970, GMT.
(This is equivalent to the time_t type on Windows and POSIX. On the
Macintosh, the value needs to be adjusted by the constant value 2082844800
to account for the different epoch of its time_t type.)

[6] Text saved in the format:: nnnnu..uh..h, where: 
    nnnn = 4 hexadecimal digits giving length of following user name field
    u..u = user name
    h..h = host computer name

[7] Free form text giving the application that saved the database.
PasswordSafe will use the text "Password Safe Vnn.mm", where nn and mm are the
major and minor version numbers ("Password Safe" is the application name defined 
in the projects resource file as string "AFX_IDS_APP_TITLE").  The major version
will contain only the significant digits whereas the minor version will be padded
to the left with zeroes e.g. "Password Safe V3.02".

[8] An explicit end of entry field is useful for supporting new fields
without breaking backwards compatability.

3.2 Field types for database Records (based on the v2 format):
                                                 Currently
Name                        Value        Type    Implemented      Comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
UUID                        0x01        UUID          Y              [1]
Group                       0x02        Text          Y              [2]
Title                       0x03        Text          Y
Username                    0x04        Text          Y
Notes                       0x05        Text          Y
Password                    0x06        Text          Y
Creation Time               0x07        time_t        Y              [3]
Password Modification Time  0x08        time_t        Y              [3]
Last Access Time            0x09        time_t        Y              [3,4]
Password Lifetime           0x0a        time_t        Y              [3,5]
Password Policy             0x0b        4 bytes       N              [6]
Last Modification Time      0x0c        time_t        Y              [3,7]
URL                         0x0d        Text          Y              [8]
Autotype                    0x0e        Text          Y              [9]
Password History            0x0f        Text          Y              [10]
End of Entry                0xff        [empty]       Y              [11]

[1] As per UUID in the HDR above.

[2] The "Group" supports displaying the entries in a tree-like manner.
Groups can be heirarchical, with elements separated by a period, supporting
groups such as "Finance.credit cards.Visa", "Finance.credit
cards.Mastercard", Finance.bank.web access", etc. Dots entered by the user
should be "escaped" by the application.

[3] As per 'Timestamp of last save' in the HDR above.

[4] This will be updated whenever any part of this entry is accessed i.e.
to copy its username, password or notes to the clipboard; to perform
autotype or to browse to url.

[5] This will allow the user to enter a lifetime for an entry. The
application can then prompt the user about passwords that need to be
changed. Password lifetime is the expiry a date/time field in the same
manner as the other time fields and a value of zero means "forever".

[6] Currently, the password policy is a global property. It makes sense,
however, to want to control this on a per-entry basis. Four bytes seems
sufficient to store the policy. Exact encoding TBD.

[7] This is the time that any field of the record was modified, useful for
merging databases.

[8] The URL will be passed to the shell when the user chooses the "Browse
to" action for this entry. In version 2 of the format, this was extracted
from the Notes field. By placing it in a separate field, we are no longer
restricted to a URL - any action that may be executed by the shell may be
specified here.

[9] The text to be 'typed' by PasswordSafe upon the "Perform Autotype"
action maybe specified here. If unspecified, the default value of
'username, tab, password, tab, enter' is used. In version 2 of the format,
this was extracted from the Notes field. Several codes are recognized here,
e.g, '%p' is replaced by the record's password. See the user documentation
for the complete list of codes. The replacement is done by the application
at runtime, and is not stored in the database.

[10] Password History is an optional record. If it exists, it stores the
creation times and values of the last few passwords used in the current
entry, in the following format:
    "fmmnnTLPTLP...TLP"
where:
    f  = {0,1} if password history is on/off
    mm = 2 hexadecimal digits max size of history list (i.e. max = 255)
    nn = 2 hexadecimal digits current size of history list
    T  = Time password was set (time_t written out in %08x)
    L  = 4 hexadecimal digit password length (in TCHAR)
    P  = Password
No history being kept for a record can be represented either by the lack of
the PWH field (preferred), or by a header of _T("00000"):
    flag = 0, max = 00, num = 00
Note that 0aabb, where bb <= aa, is possible if password history was enabled
in the past and has then been disabled but the history hasn't been cleared.

[11] An explicit end of entry field is useful for supporting new fields
without breaking backwards compatability.

End of Format description.
