// utf.d

/*
 *  Copyright (C) 2003-2004 by Digital Mars, www.digitalmars.com
 *  Written by Walter Bright
 *
 *  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
 *  warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
 *  arising from the use of this software.
 *
 *  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
 *  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
 *  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
 *
 *  o  The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
 *     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
 *     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
 *     appreciated but is not required.
 *  o  Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
 *     be misrepresented as being the original software.
 *  o  This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
 *     distribution.
 */

/********************************************
 * Encode and decode UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 strings.
 *
 * For Win32 systems, the C wchar_t type is UTF-16 and corresponds to the D
 * wchar type.
 * For linux systems, the C wchar_t type is UTF-32 and corresponds to
 * the D utf.dchar type. 
 *
 * UTF character support is restricted to (\u0000 &lt;= character &lt;= \U0010FFFF).
 *
 * See_Also:
 *	$(LINK2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode, Wikipedia)<br>
 *	$(LINK http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html#utf-8)<br>
 *	$(LINK http://anubis.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1335)
 * Macros:
 *	WIKI = Phobos/StdUtf
 */
 
module std.utf;

private import std.stdio;

//debug=utf;		// uncomment to turn on debugging printf's

deprecated class UtfError : Error
{
    size_t idx;	// index in string of where error occurred

    this(in char[] s, size_t i)
    {
	idx = i;
	super(s);
    }
}

/**********************************
 * Exception class that is thrown upon any errors.
 */

class UtfException : Exception
{
    size_t idx;	/// index in string of where error occurred

    this(const char[] s, size_t i)
    {
	idx = i;
	super(s);
    }
}

/*******************************
 * Test if c is a valid UTF-32 character.
 *
 * \uFFFE and \uFFFF are considered valid by this function,
 * as they are permitted for internal use by an application,
 * but they are not allowed for interchange by the Unicode standard.
 *
 * Returns: true if it is, false if not.
 */

bool isValidDchar(dchar c)
{
    /* Note: FFFE and FFFF are specifically permitted by the
     * Unicode standard for application internal use, but are not
     * allowed for interchange.
     * (thanks to Arcane Jill)
     */

    return c < 0xD800 ||
	(c > 0xDFFF && c <= 0x10FFFF /*&& c != 0xFFFE && c != 0xFFFF*/);
}

unittest
{
    debug(utf) printf("utf.isValidDchar.unittest\n");
    assert(isValidDchar(cast(dchar)'a') == true);
    assert(isValidDchar(cast(dchar)0x1FFFFF) == false);
}


invariant ubyte[256] UTF8stride =
[
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
    0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,
    0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,
    0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,
    0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,
    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,
    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,0xFF,0xFF,
];

/**
 * stride() returns the length of a UTF-8 sequence starting at index i
 * in string s.
 * Returns:
 *	The number of bytes in the UTF-8 sequence or
 *	0xFF meaning s[i] is not the start of of UTF-8 sequence.
 */

uint stride(in char[] s, size_t i)
{
    return UTF8stride[s[i]];
}

/**
 * stride() returns the length of a UTF-16 sequence starting at index i
 * in string s.
 */

uint stride(in wchar[] s, size_t i)
{   uint u = s[i];
    return 1 + (u >= 0xD800 && u <= 0xDBFF);
}

/**
 * stride() returns the length of a UTF-32 sequence starting at index i
 * in string s.
 * Returns: The return value will always be 1.
 */

uint stride(in dchar[] s, size_t i)
{
    return 1;
}

/*******************************************
 * Given an index i into an array of characters s[],
 * and assuming that index i is at the start of a UTF character,
 * determine the number of UCS characters up to that index i.
 */

size_t toUCSindex(in char[] s, size_t i)
{
    size_t n;
    size_t j;
    size_t stride;

    for (j = 0; j < i; j += stride)
    {
	stride = UTF8stride[s[j]];
	if (stride == 0xFF)
	    goto Lerr;
	n++;
    }
    if (j > i)
    {
      Lerr:
	throw new UtfException("1invalid UTF-8 sequence", j);
    }
    return n;
}

/** ditto */

size_t toUCSindex(in wchar[] s, size_t i)
{
    size_t n;
    size_t j;

    for (j = 0; j < i; )
    {	uint u = s[j];

	j += 1 + (u >= 0xD800 && u <= 0xDBFF);
	n++;
    }
    if (j > i)
    {
      Lerr:
	throw new UtfException("2invalid UTF-16 sequence", j);
    }
    return n;
}

/** ditto */

size_t toUCSindex(in dchar[] s, size_t i)
{
    return i;
}

/******************************************
 * Given a UCS index n into an array of characters s[], return the UTF index.
 */

size_t toUTFindex(in char[] s, size_t n)
{
    size_t i;

    while (n--)
    {
	uint j = UTF8stride[s[i]];
	if (j == 0xFF)
	    throw new UtfException("3invalid UTF-8 sequence", i);
	i += j;
    }
    return i;
}

/** ditto */

size_t toUTFindex(in wchar[] s, size_t n)
{
    size_t i;

    while (n--)
    {	wchar u = s[i];

	i += 1 + (u >= 0xD800 && u <= 0xDBFF);
    }
    return i;
}

/** ditto */

size_t toUTFindex(in dchar[] s, size_t n)
{
    return n;
}

/* =================== Decode ======================= */

/***************
 * Decodes and returns character starting at s[idx]. idx is advanced past the
 * decoded character. If the character is not well formed, a UtfException is
 * thrown and idx remains unchanged.
 */

dchar decode(in char[] s, inout size_t idx)
    in
    {
	assert(idx >= 0 && idx < s.length);
    }
    out (result)
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(result));
    }
    body
    {
	size_t len = s.length;
	dchar V;
	size_t i = idx;
	char u = s[i];

	if (u & 0x80)
	{   uint n;
	    char u2;

	    /* The following encodings are valid, except for the 5 and 6 byte
	     * combinations:
	     *	0xxxxxxx
	     *	110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
	     *	1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
	     *	11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
	     *	111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
	     *	1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
	     */
	    for (n = 1; ; n++)
	    {
		if (n > 4)
		    goto Lerr;		// only do the first 4 of 6 encodings
		if (((u << n) & 0x80) == 0)
		{
		    if (n == 1)
			goto Lerr;
		    break;
		}
	    }

	    // Pick off (7 - n) significant bits of B from first byte of octet
	    V = cast(dchar)(u & ((1 << (7 - n)) - 1));

	    if (i + (n - 1) >= len)
		goto Lerr;			// off end of string

	    /* The following combinations are overlong, and illegal:
	     *	1100000x (10xxxxxx)
	     *	11100000 100xxxxx (10xxxxxx)
	     *	11110000 1000xxxx (10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx)
	     *	11111000 10000xxx (10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx)
	     *	11111100 100000xx (10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx)
	     */
	    u2 = s[i + 1];
	    if ((u & 0xFE) == 0xC0 ||
		(u == 0xE0 && (u2 & 0xE0) == 0x80) ||
		(u == 0xF0 && (u2 & 0xF0) == 0x80) ||
		(u == 0xF8 && (u2 & 0xF8) == 0x80) ||
		(u == 0xFC && (u2 & 0xFC) == 0x80))
		goto Lerr;			// overlong combination

	    for (uint j = 1; j != n; j++)
	    {
		u = s[i + j];
		if ((u & 0xC0) != 0x80)
		    goto Lerr;			// trailing bytes are 10xxxxxx
		V = (V << 6) | (u & 0x3F);
	    }
	    if (!isValidDchar(V))
		goto Lerr;
	    i += n;
	}
	else
	{
	    V = cast(dchar) u;
	    i++;
	}

	idx = i;
	return V;

      Lerr:
	//printf("\ndecode: idx = %d, i = %d, length = %d s = \n'%.*s'\n%x\n'%.*s'\n", idx, i, s.length, s, s[i], s[i .. length]);
	throw new UtfException("4invalid UTF-8 sequence", i);
    }

unittest
{   size_t i;
    dchar c;

    debug(utf) printf("utf.decode.unittest\n");

    static string s1 = "abcd";
    i = 0;
    c = decode(s1, i);
    assert(c == cast(dchar)'a');
    assert(i == 1);
    c = decode(s1, i);
    assert(c == cast(dchar)'b');
    assert(i == 2);

    static string s2 = "\xC2\xA9";
    i = 0;
    c = decode(s2, i);
    assert(c == cast(dchar)'\u00A9');
    assert(i == 2);

    static string s3 = "\xE2\x89\xA0";
    i = 0;
    c = decode(s3, i);
    assert(c == cast(dchar)'\u2260');
    assert(i == 3);

    static string[] s4 =
    [	"\xE2\x89",		// too short
	"\xC0\x8A",
	"\xE0\x80\x8A",
	"\xF0\x80\x80\x8A",
	"\xF8\x80\x80\x80\x8A",
	"\xFC\x80\x80\x80\x80\x8A",
    ];

    for (int j = 0; j < s4.length; j++)
    {
	try
	{
	    i = 0;
	    c = decode(s4[j], i);
	    assert(0);
	}
	catch (UtfException u)
	{
	    i = 23;
	    delete u;
	}
	assert(i == 23);
    }
}

/** ditto */

dchar decode(in wstring s, inout size_t idx)
    in
    {
	assert(idx >= 0 && idx < s.length);
    }
    out (result)
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(result));
    }
    body
    {
	invariant(string) msg;
	dchar V;
	size_t i = idx;
	uint u = s[i];

	if (u & ~0x7F)
	{   if (u >= 0xD800 && u <= 0xDBFF)
	    {   uint u2;

		if (i + 1 == s.length)
		{   msg = "surrogate UTF-16 high value past end of string";
		    goto Lerr;
		}
		u2 = s[i + 1];
		if (u2 < 0xDC00 || u2 > 0xDFFF)
		{   msg = "surrogate UTF-16 low value out of range";
		    goto Lerr;
		}
		u = ((u - 0xD7C0) << 10) + (u2 - 0xDC00);
		i += 2;
	    }
	    else if (u >= 0xDC00 && u <= 0xDFFF)
	    {   msg = "unpaired surrogate UTF-16 value";
		goto Lerr;
	    }
	    else if (u == 0xFFFE || u == 0xFFFF)
	    {   msg = "illegal UTF-16 value";
		goto Lerr;
	    }
	    else
		i++;
	}
	else
	{
	    i++;
	}

	idx = i;
	return cast(dchar)u;

      Lerr:
	throw new UtfException(msg, i);
    }

/** ditto */

dchar decode(in dstring s, inout size_t idx)
    in
    {
	assert(idx >= 0 && idx < s.length);
    }
    body
    {
	size_t i = idx;
	dchar c = s[i];

	if (!isValidDchar(c))
	    goto Lerr;
	idx = i + 1;
	return c;

      Lerr:
	throw new UtfException("5invalid UTF-32 value", i);
    }


/* =================== Encode ======================= */

/*******************************
 * Encodes character c and appends it to array s[].
 */

void encode(inout char[] s, dchar c)
    in
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(c));
    }
    body
    {
	char[] r = s;

	if (c <= 0x7F)
	{
	    r ~= cast(char) c;
	}
	else
	{
	    char[4] buf;
	    uint L;

	    if (c <= 0x7FF)
	    {
		buf[0] = cast(char)(0xC0 | (c >> 6));
		buf[1] = cast(char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
		L = 2;
	    }
	    else if (c <= 0xFFFF)
	    {
		buf[0] = cast(char)(0xE0 | (c >> 12));
		buf[1] = cast(char)(0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3F));
		buf[2] = cast(char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
		L = 3;
	    }
	    else if (c <= 0x10FFFF)
	    {
		buf[0] = cast(char)(0xF0 | (c >> 18));
		buf[1] = cast(char)(0x80 | ((c >> 12) & 0x3F));
		buf[2] = cast(char)(0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3F));
		buf[3] = cast(char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
		L = 4;
	    }
	    else
	    {
		assert(0);
	    }
	    r ~= buf[0 .. L];
	}
	s = r;
    }

unittest
{
    debug(utf) printf("utf.encode.unittest\n");

    char[] s = "abcd".dup;
    encode(s, cast(dchar)'a');
    assert(s.length == 5);
    assert(s == "abcda");

    encode(s, cast(dchar)'\u00A9');
    assert(s.length == 7);
    assert(s == "abcda\xC2\xA9");
    //assert(s == "abcda\u00A9");	// BUG: fix compiler

    encode(s, cast(dchar)'\u2260');
    assert(s.length == 10);
    assert(s == "abcda\xC2\xA9\xE2\x89\xA0");
}

/** ditto */

void encode(inout wchar[] s, dchar c)
    in
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(c));
    }
    body
    {
	wchar[] r = s;

	if (c <= 0xFFFF)
	{
	    r ~= cast(wchar) c;
	}
	else
	{
	    wchar[2] buf;

	    buf[0] = cast(wchar) ((((c - 0x10000) >> 10) & 0x3FF) + 0xD800);
	    buf[1] = cast(wchar) (((c - 0x10000) & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00);
	    r ~= buf;
	}
	s = r;
    }

/** ditto */

void encode(inout dchar[] s, dchar c)
    in
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(c));
    }
    body
    {
	s ~= c;
    }

/* =================== Validation ======================= */

/***********************************
 * Checks to see if string is well formed or not. Throws a UtfException if it is
 * not. Use to check all untrusted input for correctness.
 */

void validate(in string s)
{
    size_t len = s.length;
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < len; )
    {
	decode(s, i);
    }
}

/** ditto */

void validate(in wstring s)
{
    size_t len = s.length;
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < len; )
    {
	decode(s, i);
    }
}

/** ditto */

void validate(in dstring s)
{
    size_t len = s.length;
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < len; )
    {
	decode(s, i);
    }
}

/* =================== Conversion to UTF8 ======================= */

string toUTF8(char[4] buf, dchar c)
    in
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(c));
    }
    body
    {
	if (c <= 0x7F)
	{
	    buf[0] = cast(char) c;
	    return buf[0 .. 1];
	}
	else if (c <= 0x7FF)
	{
	    buf[0] = cast(char)(0xC0 | (c >> 6));
	    buf[1] = cast(char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
	    return buf[0 .. 2];
	}
	else if (c <= 0xFFFF)
	{
	    buf[0] = cast(char)(0xE0 | (c >> 12));
	    buf[1] = cast(char)(0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3F));
	    buf[2] = cast(char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
	    return buf[0 .. 3];
	}
	else if (c <= 0x10FFFF)
	{
	    buf[0] = cast(char)(0xF0 | (c >> 18));
	    buf[1] = cast(char)(0x80 | ((c >> 12) & 0x3F));
	    buf[2] = cast(char)(0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3F));
	    buf[3] = cast(char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
	    return buf[0 .. 4];
	}
	assert(0);
    }

/*******************
 * Encodes string s into UTF-8 and returns the encoded string.
 */

string toUTF8(string s)
    in
    {
	validate(s);
    }
    body
    {
	return s;
    }

/** ditto */

string toUTF8(wstring s)
{
    char[] r;
    size_t i;
    size_t slen = s.length;

    r.length = slen;

    for (i = 0; i < slen; i++)
    {	wchar c = s[i];

	if (c <= 0x7F)
	    r[i] = cast(char)c;		// fast path for ascii
	else
	{
	    r.length = i;
	    foreach (dchar c; s[i .. slen])
	    {
		encode(r, c);
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
    return r;
}

/** ditto */

string toUTF8(dstring s)
{
    char[] r;
    size_t i;
    size_t slen = s.length;

    r.length = slen;

    for (i = 0; i < slen; i++)
    {	dchar c = s[i];

	if (c <= 0x7F)
	    r[i] = cast(char)c;		// fast path for ascii
	else
	{
	    r.length = i;
	    foreach (dchar d; s[i .. slen])
	    {
		encode(r, d);
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
    return r;
}

/* =================== Conversion to UTF16 ======================= */

wstring toUTF16(wchar[2] buf, dchar c)
    in
    {
	assert(isValidDchar(c));
    }
    body
    {
	if (c <= 0xFFFF)
	{
	    buf[0] = cast(wchar) c;
	    return buf[0 .. 1];
	}
	else
	{
	    buf[0] = cast(wchar) ((((c - 0x10000) >> 10) & 0x3FF) + 0xD800);
	    buf[1] = cast(wchar) (((c - 0x10000) & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00);
	    return buf[0 .. 2];
	}
    }

/****************
 * Encodes string s into UTF-16 and returns the encoded string.
 * toUTF16z() is suitable for calling the 'W' functions in the Win32 API that take
 * an LPWSTR or LPCWSTR argument.
 */

wstring toUTF16(string s)
{
    wchar[] r;
    size_t slen = s.length;

    r.length = slen;
    r.length = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; )
    {
	dchar c = s[i];
	if (c <= 0x7F)
	{
	    i++;
	    r ~= cast(wchar)c;
	}
	else
	{
	    c = decode(s, i);
	    encode(r, c);
	}
    }
    return r;
}

/** ditto */

const(wchar*) toUTF16z(string s)
{
    wchar[] r;
    size_t slen = s.length;

    r.length = slen + 1;
    r.length = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; )
    {
	dchar c = s[i];
	if (c <= 0x7F)
	{
	    i++;
	    r ~= cast(wchar)c;
	}
	else
	{
	    c = decode(s, i);
	    encode(r, c);
	}
    }
    r ~= "\000";
    return r.ptr;
}

/** ditto */

wstring toUTF16(wstring s)
    in
    {
	validate(s);
    }
    body
    {
	return s;
    }

/** ditto */

wstring toUTF16(dstring s)
{
    wchar[] r;
    size_t slen = s.length;

    r.length = slen;
    r.length = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; i++)
    {
	encode(r, s[i]);
    }
    return r;
}

/* =================== Conversion to UTF32 ======================= */

/*****
 * Encodes string s into UTF-32 and returns the encoded string.
 */

dstring toUTF32(string s)
{
    dchar[] r;
    size_t slen = s.length;
    size_t j = 0;

    r.length = slen;		// r[] will never be longer than s[]
    for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; )
    {
	dchar c = s[i];
	if (c >= 0x80)
	    c = decode(s, i);
	else
	    i++;		// c is ascii, no need for decode
	r[j++] = c;
    }
    return r[0 .. j];
}

/** ditto */

dstring toUTF32(wstring s)
{
    dchar[] r;
    size_t slen = s.length;
    size_t j = 0;

    r.length = slen;		// r[] will never be longer than s[]
    for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; )
    {
	dchar c = s[i];
	if (c >= 0x80)
	    c = decode(s, i);
	else
	    i++;		// c is ascii, no need for decode
	r[j++] = c;
    }
    return r[0 .. j];
}

/** ditto */

dstring toUTF32(dstring s)
    in
    {
	validate(s);
    }
    body
    {
	return s;
    }

/* ================================ tests ================================== */

unittest
{
    debug(utf) printf("utf.toUTF.unittest\n");

    string c;
    wstring w;
    dstring d;

    c = "hello";
    w = toUTF16(c);
    assert(w == "hello");
    d = toUTF32(c);
    assert(d == "hello");

    c = toUTF8(w);
    assert(c == "hello");
    d = toUTF32(w);
    assert(d == "hello");

    c = toUTF8(d);
    assert(c == "hello");
    w = toUTF16(d);
    assert(w == "hello");


    c = "hel\u1234o";
    w = toUTF16(c);
    assert(w == "hel\u1234o");
    d = toUTF32(c);
    assert(d == "hel\u1234o");

    c = toUTF8(w);
    assert(c == "hel\u1234o");
    d = toUTF32(w);
    assert(d == "hel\u1234o");

    c = toUTF8(d);
    assert(c == "hel\u1234o");
    w = toUTF16(d);
    assert(w == "hel\u1234o");


    c = "he\U0010AAAAllo";
    w = toUTF16(c);
    //foreach (wchar c; w) printf("c = x%x\n", c);
    //foreach (wchar c; cast(wstring)"he\U0010AAAAllo") printf("c = x%x\n", c);
    assert(w == "he\U0010AAAAllo");
    d = toUTF32(c);
    assert(d == "he\U0010AAAAllo");

    c = toUTF8(w);
    assert(c == "he\U0010AAAAllo");
    d = toUTF32(w);
    assert(d == "he\U0010AAAAllo");

    c = toUTF8(d);
    assert(c == "he\U0010AAAAllo");
    w = toUTF16(d);
    assert(w == "he\U0010AAAAllo");
}
