Elements of Infinite Polynomial Rings¶

AUTHORS:

Simon King <simon.king@nuigalway.ie>
Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>

An Infinite Polynomial Ring has generators $x_\ast, y_\ast,...$ , so that the variables are of the form $x_0, x_1, x_2, ..., y_0, y_1, y_2,...,...$ (see infinite_polynomial_ring). Using the generators, we can create elements as follows:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: a = x[3]
sage: b = y[4]
sage: a
x_3
sage: b
y_4
sage: c = a*b+a^3-2*b^4
sage: c
x_3^3 + x_3*y_4 - 2*y_4^4

Any Infinite Polynomial Ring X is equipped with a monomial ordering. We only consider monomial orderings in which:

X.gen(i)[m] > X.gen(j)[n] $\iff$ i<j, or i==j and m>n

Under this restriction, the monomial ordering can be lexicographic (default), degree lexicographic, or degree reverse lexicographic. Here, the ordering is lexicographic, and elements can be compared as usual:

sage: X._order
'lex'
sage: a > b
True

Note that, when a method is called that is not directly implemented for ‘InfinitePolynomial’, it is tried to call this method for the underlying classical polynomial. This holds, e.g., when applying the latex function:

sage: latex(c)
x_{3}^{3} + x_{3} y_{4} - 2 y_{4}^{4}

There is a permutation action on Infinite Polynomial Rings by permuting the indices of the variables:

sage: P = Permutation(((4,5),(2,3)))
sage: c^P
x_2^3 + x_2*y_5 - 2*y_5^4

Note that P(0)==0, and thus variables of index zero are invariant under the permutation action. More generally, if P is any callable object that accepts non-negative integers as input and returns non-negative integers, then c^P means to apply P to the variable indices occurring in c.

TESTS:

We test whether coercion works, even in complicated cases in which finite polynomial rings are merged with infinite polynomial rings:

sage: A.<a> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ,implementation='sparse',order='degrevlex')
sage: B.<b_2,b_1> = A[]
sage: C.<b,c> = InfinitePolynomialRing(B,order='degrevlex')
sage: C
Infinite polynomial ring in b, c over Infinite polynomial ring in a over Integer Ring
sage: 1/2*b_1*a[4]+c[3]
1/2*a_4*b_1 + c_3

sage.rings.polynomial.infinite_polynomial_element.InfinitePolynomial(A, p)¶

Create an element of a Polynomial Ring with a Countably Infinite Number of Variables.

Usually, an InfinitePolynomial is obtained by using the generators of an Infinite Polynomial Ring (see infinite_polynomial_ring) or by conversion.

INPUT:

A – an Infinite Polynomial Ring.
p – a classical polynomial that can be interpreted in A.

ASSUMPTIONS:

In the dense implementation, it must be ensured that the argument p coerces into A._P by a name preserving conversion map.

In the sparse implementation, in the direct construction of an infinite polynomial, it is not tested whether the argument p makes sense in A.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.infinite_polynomial_element import InfinitePolynomial
sage: X.<alpha> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ)
sage: P.<alpha_1,alpha_2> = ZZ[]

Currently, P and X._P (the underlying polynomial ring of X) both have two variables:

sage: X._P
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in alpha_1, alpha_0 over Integer Ring

By default, a coercion from P to X._P would not be name preserving. However, this is taken care for; a name preserving conversion is impossible, and by consequence an error is raised:

sage: InfinitePolynomial(X, (alpha_1+alpha_2)^2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Could not find a mapping of the passed element to this ring.

When extending the underlying polynomial ring, the construction of an infinite polynomial works:

sage: alpha[2]
alpha_2
sage: InfinitePolynomial(X, (alpha_1+alpha_2)^2)
alpha_2^2 + 2*alpha_2*alpha_1 + alpha_1^2

In the sparse implementation, it is not checked whether the polynomial really belongs to the parent:

sage: Y.<alpha,beta> = InfinitePolynomialRing(GF(2), implementation='sparse')
sage: a = (alpha_1+alpha_2)^2
sage: InfinitePolynomial(Y, a)
alpha_1^2 + 2*alpha_1*alpha_2 + alpha_2^2

However, it is checked when doing a conversion:

sage: Y(a)
alpha_2^2 + alpha_1^2

class sage.rings.polynomial.infinite_polynomial_element.InfinitePolynomial_dense(A, p)¶

Bases: sage.rings.polynomial.infinite_polynomial_element.InfinitePolynomial_sparse

Element of a dense Polynomial Ring with a Countably Infinite Number of Variables.

INPUT:

A – an Infinite Polynomial Ring in dense implementation
p – a classical polynomial that can be interpreted in A.

Of course, one should not directly invoke this class, but rather construct elements of A in the usual way.

This class inherits from InfinitePolynomial_sparse. See there for a description of the methods.

class sage.rings.polynomial.infinite_polynomial_element.InfinitePolynomial_sparse(A, p)¶

Bases: sage.structure.element.RingElement

Element of a sparse Polynomial Ring with a Countably Infinite Number of Variables.

INPUT:

A – an Infinite Polynomial Ring in sparse implementation
p – a classical polynomial that can be interpreted in A.

Of course, one should not directly invoke this class, but rather construct elements of A in the usual way.

EXAMPLES:

sage: A.<a> = QQ[]
sage: B.<b,c> = InfinitePolynomialRing(A,implementation='sparse')
sage: p = a*b[100] + 1/2*c[4]
sage: p
a*b_100 + 1/2*c_4
sage: p.parent()
Infinite polynomial ring in b, c over Univariate Polynomial Ring in a over Rational Field
sage: p.polynomial().parent()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in b_100, b_0, c_4, c_0 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in a over Rational Field

coefficient(monomial)¶

Returns the coefficient of a monomial in this polynomial.

INPUT:

A monomial (element of the parent of self) or
a dictionary that describes a monomial (the keys are variables of the parent of self, the values are the corresponding exponents)

EXAMPLES:

We can get the coefficient in front of monomials:

sage: X.<x> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: a = 2*x[0]*x[1] + x[1] + x[2]
sage: a.coefficient(x[0])
2*x_1
sage: a.coefficient(x[1])
2*x_0 + 1
sage: a.coefficient(x[2])
1
sage: a.coefficient(x[0]*x[1])
2

We can also pass in a dictionary:

sage: a.coefficient({x[0]:1, x[1]:1})
2

footprint()¶

Leading exponents sorted by index and generator.

OUTPUT:

D – a dictionary whose keys are the occurring variable indices.

D[s] is a list [i_1,...,i_n], where i_j gives the exponent of self.parent().gen(j)[s] in the leading term of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = x[30]*y[1]^3*x[1]^2+2*x[10]*y[30]
sage: sorted(p.footprint().items())
[(1, [2, 3]), (30, [1, 0])]

TESTS:

This is a test whether it also works when the underlying polynomial ring is not implemented in libsingular:

sage: X.<x> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ)
sage: Y.<y,z> = X[]
sage: Z.<a> = InfinitePolynomialRing(Y)
sage: Z
Infinite polynomial ring in a over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in y, z over Infinite polynomial ring in x over Integer Ring
sage: type(Z._P)
<class 'sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring.MPolynomialRing_polydict_with_category'>
sage: p = a[12]^3*a[2]^7*a[4] + a[4]*a[2]
sage: sorted(p.footprint().items())
[(2, [7]), (4, [1]), (12, [3])]

gcd(x)¶

computes the greatest common divisor

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x>=InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p1=x[0]+x[1]**2
sage: gcd(p1,p1+3)
1
sage: gcd(p1,p1)==p1
True

is_unit()¶

Answers whether self is a unit

EXAMPLES:

sage: R1.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ)
sage: R2.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = 1 + x[2]
sage: R1.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ)
sage: R2.<a,b> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: (1+x[2]).is_unit()
False
sage: R1(1).is_unit()
True
sage: R1(2).is_unit()
False
sage: R2(2).is_unit()
True
sage: (1+a[2]).is_unit()
False

TESTS:

sage: R.<x> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ.quotient_ring(8))
sage: [R(i).is_unit() for i in range(8)]
[False, True, False, True, False, True, False, True]

lc()¶

The coefficient of the leading term of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = 2*x[10]*y[30]+3*x[10]*y[1]^3*x[1]^2
sage: p.lc()
3

lm()¶

The leading monomial of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = 2*x[10]*y[30]+x[10]*y[1]^3*x[1]^2
sage: p.lm()
x_10*x_1^2*y_1^3

lt()¶

The leading term (= product of coefficient and monomial) of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = 2*x[10]*y[30]+3*x[10]*y[1]^3*x[1]^2
sage: p.lt()
3*x_10*x_1^2*y_1^3

max_index()¶

Return the maximal index of a variable occurring in self, or -1 if self is scalar.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p=x[1]^2+y[2]^2+x[1]*x[2]*y[3]+x[1]*y[4]
sage: p.max_index()
4
sage: x[0].max_index()
0
sage: X(10).max_index()
-1

polynomial()¶

Return the underlying polynomial.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(GF(7))
sage: p=x[2]*y[1]+3*y[0]
sage: p
x_2*y_1 + 3*y_0
sage: p.polynomial()
x_2*y_1 + 3*y_0
sage: p.polynomial().parent()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x_2, x_1, x_0, y_2, y_1, y_0 over Finite Field of size 7
sage: p.parent()
Infinite polynomial ring in x, y over Finite Field of size 7

reduce(I, tailreduce=False, report=None)¶

Symmetrical reduction of self with respect to a symmetric ideal (or list of Infinite Polynomials).

INPUT:

I – a SymmetricIdeal or a list of Infinite Polynomials.
tailreduce – (bool, default False) Tail reduction is performed if this parameter is True.
report – (object, default None) If not None, some information on the progress of computation is printed, since reduction of huge polynomials may take a long time.

OUTPUT:

Symmetrical reduction of self with respect to I, possibly with tail reduction.

THEORY:

Reducing an element $p$ of an Infinite Polynomial Ring $X$ by some other element $q$ means the following:

Let $M$ and $N$ be the leading terms of $p$ and $q$ .
Test whether there is a permutation $P$ that does not does not diminish the variable indices occurring in $N$ and preserves their order, so that there is some term $T\in X$ with $TN^P = M$ . If there is no such permutation, return $p$
Replace $p$ by $p-T q^P$ and continue with step 1.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = y[1]^2*y[3]+y[2]*x[3]^3
sage: p.reduce([y[2]*x[1]^2])
x_3^3*y_2 + y_3*y_1^2

The preceding is correct: If a permutation turns y[2]*x[1]^2 into a factor of the leading monomial y[2]*x[3]^3 of p, then it interchanges the variable indices 1 and 2; this is not allowed in a symmetric reduction. However, reduction by y[1]*x[2]^2 works, since one can change variable index 1 into 2 and 2 into 3:

sage: p.reduce([y[1]*x[2]^2])
y_3*y_1^2

The next example shows that tail reduction is not done, unless it is explicitly advised. The input can also be a Symmetric Ideal:

sage: I = (y[3])*X
sage: p.reduce(I)
x_3^3*y_2 + y_3*y_1^2
sage: p.reduce(I, tailreduce=True)
x_3^3*y_2

Last, we demonstrate the report option:

sage: p=x[1]^2+y[2]^2+x[1]*x[2]*y[3]+x[1]*y[4]
sage: p.reduce(I, tailreduce=True, report=True)
:T[2]:>
>
x_1^2 + y_2^2

The output ‘:’ means that there was one reduction of the leading monomial. ‘T[2]’ means that a tail reduction was performed on a polynomial with two terms. At ‘>’, one round of the reduction process is finished (there could only be several non-trivial rounds if $I$ was generated by more than one polynomial).

ring()¶

The ring which self belongs to.

This is the same as self.parent().

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(ZZ,implementation='sparse')
sage: p = x[100]*y[1]^3*x[1]^2+2*x[10]*y[30]
sage: p.ring()
Infinite polynomial ring in x, y over Integer Ring

squeezed()¶

Reduce the variable indices occurring in self.

OUTPUT:

Apply a permutation to self that does not change the order of the variable indices of self but squeezes them into the range 1,2,...

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ,implementation='sparse')
sage: p = x[1]*y[100] + x[50]*y[1000]
sage: p.squeezed()
x_2*y_4 + x_1*y_3

stretch(k)¶

Stretch self by a given factor.

INPUT:

k – an integer.

OUTPUT:

Replace $v_n$ with $v_{n\cdot k}$ for all generators $v_\ast$ occurring in self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: a = x[0] + x[1] + x[2]
sage: a.stretch(2)
x_4 + x_2 + x_0

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: a = x[0] + x[1] + y[0]*y[1]; a
x_1 + x_0 + y_1*y_0
sage: a.stretch(2)
x_2 + x_0 + y_2*y_0

TESTS:

The following would hardly work in a dense implementation, because an underlying polynomial ring with 6001 variables would be created. This is avoided in the sparse implementation:

sage: X.<x> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ, implementation='sparse')
sage: a = x[2] + x[3]
sage: a.stretch(2000)
x_6000 + x_4000

symmetric_cancellation_order(other)¶

Comparison of leading terms by Symmetric Cancellation Order, $<_{sc}$ .

INPUT:

self, other – two Infinite Polynomials

ASSUMPTION:

Both Infinite Polynomials are non-zero.

OUTPUT:

(c, sigma, w), where

c = -1,0,1, or None if the leading monomial of self is smaller, equal, greater, or incomparable with respect to other in the monomial ordering of the Infinite Polynomial Ring
sigma is a permutation witnessing self $<_{sc}$ other (resp. self $>_{sc}$ other) or is 1 if self.lm()==other.lm()
w is 1 or is a term so that w*self.lt()^sigma == other.lt() if $c\le 0$ , and w*other.lt()^sigma == self.lt() if $c=1$

THEORY:

If the Symmetric Cancellation Order is a well-quasi-ordering then computation of Groebner bases always terminates. This is the case, e.g., if the monomial order is lexicographic. For that reason, lexicographic order is our default order.

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: (x[2]*x[1]).symmetric_cancellation_order(x[2]^2)
(None, 1, 1)
sage: (x[2]*x[1]).symmetric_cancellation_order(x[2]*x[3]*y[1])
(-1, [2, 3, 1], y_1)
sage: (x[2]*x[1]*y[1]).symmetric_cancellation_order(x[2]*x[3]*y[1])
(None, 1, 1)
sage: (x[2]*x[1]*y[1]).symmetric_cancellation_order(x[2]*x[3]*y[2])
(-1, [2, 3, 1], 1)

tail()¶

The tail of self (this is self minus its leading term).

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x,y> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = 2*x[10]*y[30]+3*x[10]*y[1]^3*x[1]^2
sage: p.tail()
2*x_10*y_30

variables()¶

Return the variables occurring in self (tuple of elements of some polynomial ring).

EXAMPLES:

sage: X.<x> = InfinitePolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: p = x[1] + x[2] - 2*x[1]*x[3]
sage: p.variables()
(x_3, x_2, x_1)
sage: x[1].variables()
(x_1,)
sage: X(1).variables()
()

Elements of Infinite Polynomial Rings¶

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